The Real Reasons Behind Google's China Censorship Kowtow

Analyzer是GreatFire的第一个项目,在2011年上线后,它一如以往的为大家提供测试服务直至今日。现在,我们做了一个新的项目叫做"Blocky",欢迎大家试用这个全新的版本!如果您对此有任何意见和建议,请发送邮件到support@greatfire.org

On January 4 we broke the story about Google backing down on their online censorship position in China. Sometime between December 5 and December 8 last year, Google decided to remove a feature which had previously informed users from China of censored keywords. At the same time, they deleted the help article which explained how to use the feature, indicating a new development in the relationship between the Chinese government and Google.

Our original article warrants further elaboration and analysis and we also felt it necessary to address some issues raised by the media who reported on this story.

Is this about making Google shareholders happy?

Is this just another China growth story? This could be the simplest answer as to why Google would make such a change and it would have been hastened by the Chinese government’s decision to block Google for one day last November.

Despite reports otherwise, Google still maintains offices in China and still does business here. Google is selling advertising to clients in China despite the fact that a small percentage of Chinese use Google for search. But that small percentage translates to a higher number of internet users because of the total size of China’s online population (over 500 million). This equates to perhaps over USD 1b in revenue on an annual basis (based on 2010 numbers) - not bad for a service that has faced significant hurdles. This is comparable to revenue generated by markets like Canada which see total annual revenues around US 2b. Google has global clients that also advertise in China and need to be served and Chinese companies who want to market themselves globally. If Google search is closed down and Adwords are not being delivered, it surely creates some unhappy customers.

The company also can claim many business customers who use Gmail to power their corporate email. Any interruption in service makes for a host of uneasy CEOs and CTOs who are worried that essential communication infrastructure could collapse.

Risking harming relations with major global clients because of China hiccups would also mean risking a huge chunk of revenue tied into global accounts. Clients would prefer to have a global integrated solution but that means nothing when nobody can or is accessing your site.

But most importantly, even though Google holds a small market share in China, this still generates substantial revenue for the company. This additional revenue surely makes shareholders who are looking for new Google growth stories happy. So Google felt it necessary to placate shareholders even if it meant that they would have to bow down to Chinese government censors. Of course, they are not the first foreign company to do China’s bidding in order to gain market access and they won’t be the last. If there was a scale of magnitude for measuring Google’s actions against other foreign company capitulations in China they’d be at the lower end. After all, Yahoo shared the private emails from well-known dissidents with the authorities in order to gain further access to the China market. In the end, Yahoo’s internet moves in China resulted in a fire sale while several dissidents went to prison.

Is this about providing a better user experience?

Wired have argued that Google have made the decision to improve the user experience. We’d vehemently disagree with that notion and believe in the contrary. By letting users know that the search they are about to conduct is going to be censored, Google actually improved the user experience and provided an out for users before they would receive error messages. This also helped to condition Chinese internet users as to what they should and should not be searching for which arguably also played into the hands of the Chinese censors lest they be subject to a 60 second connection reset. Surely this is a better solution than the one provided by sites like Sina Weibo who experimented with delivering a “0” result when users search for a blocked term. Do Sina Weibo users really believe that there are no search results for the President of the country as had happened earlier last year?

With Google backing down, does this mean that China will be successful at controlling information?

If Google stops pushing, or pushes less, it does make it easier for the authorities to control the Internet because one big public voice of opposition is taken out of the game.

Gmail, however, is still a problem for the censors because it continues to provide an encrypted mail service. The Chinese government strategy of slowing Gmail down in an effort to pressure users to switch to other, unencrypted email providers is likely not working so it would not be surprising if China puts even more pressure on Google and Gmail by slowing the service down further or implementing occasional blocks (like it has in the past). It is doubtful a tit-for-tat agreement has been made between the Chinese government and Google on this matter and even if the Chinese government made some sort of agreement not to block Gmail this would likely only be a short-term promise until another issue (or Party Congress or high level corruption case, etc.) arises in the future and changes the rules of the game.

Many well-financed foreign and domestic entities are also working around the clock to develop new circumvention tools. You need only witness the cat and mouse game being played between VPN providers and the Chinese authorities. No sooner is one channel blocked than another is opened. The VPN providers are winning this battle with some minor inconveniences along the way, but it is unlikely that China will ever succeed at fully shutting down circumvention tools.

But Google’s quiet exit from the censorship game in China could herald the arrival of a much more powerful and important voice of opposition – China’s netizens and domestic media organizations. Our breaking of the Google story generated decent media exposure in foreign press but nothing compared to the outcry that occurred over censorship at Southern Weekend only two days later. Supporters of the media publication were vocal on social media and when their messages started to get deleted then sent more messages, generating their own levels of encryption by writing cryptic poetic prose which would evade any straightforward keyword block yet still carry a painstakingly obvious message.

China has a long history of not instituting change when foreign powers have insisted that change is necessary. No country likes to be told what to do and China is no exception. With Google out of the picture and no obvious foreign successor to the anti-censorship throne, the title is now open for a Chinese heir and it would make sense that an influential media organization like Southern Weekend would move into this territory. And whatever the result of the standoff, these two incidents could very well spell the beginning of the end for online censorship in China. An endless stream of China experts have long predicted that social instability is a major political risk for the Chinese government. But when this train gets moving, fueled by social media, it will be hard to stop. Other Southern Weekends will take up the anti-censorship throne and if they are defeated yet others will move into their places. When all daring Chinese media organizations have been silenced in China, individual voices will start to rise and once that happens (and it could be argued that it already is with the Southern Weekend incident) there will be only two options left for the Chinese government: flip the off switch on mobile and internet communications or let the escaped animal roam free.

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星期四, 8月 10, 2023

1.4 million people used FreeBrowser to circumvent the Great Firewall of Turkmenistan

Since 2021, the authorities in Turkmenistan have taken exceptional measures to crack down on the use of circumvention tools. Citizens have been forced to swear on the Koran that they will not use a VPN. Circumvention tool websites have been systematically blocked. Arbitrary searches of mobile devices have also taken place and have even targeted school children and teachers.

The government has also blocked servers hosting VPNs which led to “near complete” internet shutdowns on several occasions in 2022. Current reports indicate that 66 hosting providers, 19 social networks and messaging platforms, and 10 leading content delivery networks (CDNs), are blocked in the country. The government presumably is unconcerned about the negative economic impact that such shutdowns can cause.

星期五, 3月 18, 2022

Well-intentioned decisions have just made it easier for Putin to control the Russian Internet

This article is in large part inspired by a recent article from Meduza (in Russian).

Since the beginning of the war in Ukraine, Russian users have had problems accessing government websites and online banking clients. Browsers began to mark these sites as unsafe and drop the connection. The reason is the revocation of digital security certificates by foreign certificate authorities (either as a direct consequence of sanctions or as an independent, good will move); without them, browsers do not trust sites and “protect” their users from them.

However, these actions, caused - or at least triggered by - a desire to punish Russia for their gruesome actions in Ukraine, will have long-lasting consequences for Russian netizens.

Digital certificates are needed to confirm that the site the user wants to visit is not fraudulent. The certificates contain encryption keys to establish a secure connection between the site and the user. It is very easy to understand whether a page on the Internet is protected by a certificate. One need just look at the address bar of the browser. If the address begins with the https:// prefix, and there is a lock symbol next to the address, the page is protected. By clicking on this lock, you can see the status of the connection, the name of the Certification Authority (CA) that issued the certificate, and its validity period.

There are several dozen commercial and non-commercial organizations in the world that have digital root certificates, but 3/4 of all certificates are issued by only five of the largest companies. Four of them are registered in the USA and one is registered in Belgium.

星期一, 8月 03, 2020

GreatFire 应用生成器 发布

GreatFire (https://en.greatfire.org/) 是一家专注于中国的审查监督组织,我们自豪地宣布一个新的反审查工具,该工具将使任何被屏蔽的媒体、博客、人权组织或民间社会组织反制审查,将其内容得以传播到中国和其他互联网审查国家的数百万读者和支持者的手机上。

GreatFire 已经构建了一个名为“GreatFire 应用生成器”的网页程序,任何组织可以使用它来为中国和其他国家的用户解锁他们的内容。任何人可以访问 (https://appmaker.greatfire.org/),该网站将编译一个带有自己logo的应用,并将包含他们以前被封锁的内容。该应用还将包含一个特殊的、绕过审查的网络浏览器,以便用户可以访问未经审查的网络。这些应用将使用包括机器学习在内的多种策略来规避中国当局先进的审查策略。这个项目在其他有类似中国的审查限制的国家也同样有效。对于组织和最终用户而言,这些应用将免费、快速且非常易于使用。

这个项目的灵感来自于GreatFire自己的应用 自由浏览(https://freebrowser.org/en)的第一手经验,并希望帮助那些可能没有内部专业知识来规避中国审查制度的小型非政府组织。GreatFire的反审查工具在中国发挥了作用,而其他工具却没有。自由浏览可以引导中国的互联网用户从应用的首页进入被僧所内容的导航(http://manyvoices.news/)。

   

人权基金会 (HRF) 已经使用 GreatFire 应用生成器 创建了一个应用程序HRF 在全球范围内促进和保护人权。该组织的使命是确保自由在世界范围内得到维护和促进。 HRF 的网站 在中国被封锁, 但现在中国任何人都可以 下载 HRF Android 应用程序 并访问该网站的信息。

“现在是中国政府防火墙倒塌的时候了,”人权基金会战略顾问王珍妮说。 “与我们在 GreatFire 的朋友一起,我们致力于击败中国的审查制度——在每一部手机。”

GreatFire 应用生成器 的起源可以追溯到 2014 年,当时开放技术基金 (OTF) 支持 GreatFire 的“依附的自由”实验。该项目直接导致了 2015 年中国政府的大规模网络攻击,后来被称为“大炮”。 OTF 还为 GreatFire 开发 AppleCensorship.com,该网站正在跟踪苹果对包括香港在内的全球应用商店的审查情况。

自由浏览 是“大炮”攻击的直接结果,五年后,我们很高兴能够向任何可能遭受中国当局审查的组织提供我们的方法。 

星期五, 7月 24, 2020

Apple, anticompetition, and censorship

On July 20, 2020, GreatFire wrote to all 13 members of the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law of the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary, requesting a thorough examination into Apple’s practice of censorship of its App Store, and an investigation into how the company collaborates with the Chinese authorities to maintain its unique position as one of the few foreign tech companies operating profitably in the Chinese digital market.  

This letter was sent a week before Apple CEO TIm Cook will be called for questioning in front of the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law. The CEOs of Amazon, Google and Facebook will also be questioned on July 27, as part of the Committee’s ongoing investigation into competition in the digital marketplace.

This hearing offers an opportunity to detail to the Subcommittee how Apple uses its closed operating ecosystem to not only abuse its market position but also to deprive certain users, most notably those in China, of their right to download and use apps related to privacy, secure communication, and censorship circumvention.

We hope that U.S. House representatives agree with our view that Apple should not be allowed to do elsewhere what would be considered as unacceptable in the U.S. Chinese citizens are not second class citizens. Private companies such as Apple compromise themselves and their self-proclaimed values of freedom and privacy when they collaborate with the Chinese government and its censors.

星期一, 6月 10, 2019

苹果审查中国西藏的信息

苹果在涉及西藏的审查方面有着悠久历史。 2009年,据计算机世界网透露 ,与达赖喇嘛有关的几个应用程序在苹果的中国区应用商店中不存在。这些应用的开发者未收到他们的应用被删除的通知。当面对这些审查制度时,苹果发言人只是说该公司将“继续遵守当地法律”。

2017年12月,在中国的一次会议上,当被问及与中国当局合作审查苹果应用商店时,蒂姆·库克 宣称

“所以你的选择是参与进去,还是站在局外,吼叫着事情应当怎样?我自己的看法非常强烈,你得进入赛场,因为没有任何东西会从局外发生改变。"

自苹果公司首次因与中国当局合作以遏制已被边缘化的声音而被批评的十年间,情况发生了什么变化?苹果继续严格遵守中国当局的审查令。蒂姆库克什么时候会期望他的公司能帮助在中国带来积极的变化?

根据生成的数据 https://applecensorship.com,Apple现在已经审查了在中国应用商店中29个西藏的热门应用程序。关于新闻,宗教研究,旅游甚至游戏的西藏主题应用程序正在被苹果审查。最下方附有完整的审查应用列表。

“苹果的领导力隐藏在他们审查应用程序以遵守模糊的'中国当地法律'的借口,但他们的行为缺乏任何透明度。通过从中国苹果应用商店删除藏文和其他许多应用程序,苹果阻碍了藏人获取信息和自由表达自己的能力,这是国际法下的一项基本人权。“ TibCERT(西藏计算机应急准备小组)的响应协调员Dorjee Phuntsok说道。 他们与GreatFire合作对被屏蔽的应用程序进行了分析。

   2019年1月,GreatFire推出了applecensorship.com。在那时,GreatFire联合创始人马丁约翰逊指出:“苹果公司在其透明度报告中没有分享有关应用商店审查的信息 - 该项目强制透明度。蒂姆库克可以随心所欲地说苹果在中国做了或没有做什么,但 applecensorship.com 提供了可以实际看到苹果实施审查原始数据的途径。

分析苹果在中国审查的iOS应用程序

有许多应用程序由藏人或为藏人制作,苹果正在审查中国区应用商店中的许多应用程序。了解某些应用程序被阻止的方式和原因以及这些决策背后的基本原理非常重要。为了解这一点,TibCERT(西藏应急准备小组)对在中国应用商店中被审查的藏文应用程序进行了分析。该研究使用关键字搜索藏文应用程序,然后使用GreatFire提供的应用程序审查平台。

TibCERT分析了119个以藏语为主题的iOS应用程序。使用“西藏”,“藏人”,“达赖喇嘛”,“佛教”,“藏传佛教”,等关键词搜索苹果应用商店时,可以找到下面列出的应用程序。这些应用程序分为五大类:“宗教或文化”,“媒体/政治”,“娱乐”,“工具”和“教育”。

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book} in it or something. {I think|I feel|I believe} {that you|that you simply|that you just} {could|can} do with
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I visited {multiple|many|several|various} {websites|sites|web sites|web pages|blogs} {but|except|however}
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out} where you got this from or {what the|exactly what the|just
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about|preaching about} this. {I will|I'll|I am going to|I most
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made|you've made|you have made}.|
{You made|You've made|You have made} some {decent|good|really good} points there.
I {looked|checked} {on the internet|on the web|on the net}
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information} about the issue and found {most individuals|most people}
will go along with your views on {this website|this site|this web site}.|
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every week|daily|on a regular basis}. Your {story-telling|writing|humoristic} style is
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I {simply|just} {could not|couldn't} {leave|depart|go away} your {site|web site|website} {prior to|before} suggesting that I {really|extremely|actually} {enjoyed|loved} {the standard|the usual} {information|info} {a
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{visitors|guests}? Is {going to|gonna} be {back|again} {frequently|regularly|incessantly|steadily|ceaselessly|often|continuously} {in order to|to} {check up on|check
out|inspect|investigate cross-check} new posts|
{I wanted|I needed|I want to|I need to} to thank you for this {great|excellent|fantastic|wonderful|good|very good} read!!
I {definitely|certainly|absolutely} {enjoyed|loved} every {little bit of|bit of} it.
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{Hi|Hello|Hi there|What's up}, just wanted to {mention|say|tell you}, I {enjoyed|liked|loved} this {article|post|blog post}.
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{Hi there|Hello}, I enjoy reading {all of|through} your {article|post|article post}.

I {like|wanted} to write a little comment to support you.|
I {always|constantly|every time} spent my half an hour to read this
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I {always|for all time|all the time|constantly|every time} emailed this {blog|weblog|webpage|website|web site} post page to
all my {friends|associates|contacts}, {because|since|as|for the
reason that} if like to read it {then|after that|next|afterward} my {friends|links|contacts} will too.|
My {coder|programmer|developer} is trying
to {persuade|convince} me to move to .net from PHP. I have always disliked the idea because of the {expenses|costs}.
But he's tryiong none the less. I've been using {Movable-type|WordPress} on {a number
of|a variety of|numerous|several|various} websites for about
a year and am {nervous|anxious|worried|concerned} about switching to another
platform. I have heard {fantastic|very good|excellent|great|good} things about
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I could have sworn I've {been to|visited} {this blog|this web site|this website|this site|your
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{Anyways|Anyhow|Nonetheless|Regardless}, I'm {definitely|certainly} {happy|pleased|delighted} {I found|I discovered|I came across|I stumbled upon} it and I'll be {bookmarking|book-marking} it and checking
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{Terrific|Great|Wonderful} {article|work}! {This is|That is} {the type of|the kind of} {information|info} {that are meant to|that are supposed to|that should} be
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{Disgrace|Shame} on {the {seek|search} engines|Google} for {now not|not|no longer} positioning this {post|submit|publish|put up}
{upper|higher}! Come on over and {talk over with|discuss with|seek advice from|visit|consult with} my
{site|web site|website} . {Thank you|Thanks} =)|
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I hope to give something back and {help|aid} others like you {helped|aided} me.|
{Hi|Hello|Hi there|Hello there|Howdy|Greetings}, {I think|I believe|I do believe|I do
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{to this point|so far|thus far|up to now}? I {amazed|surprised} with the {research|analysis} you
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Heya {i'm|i am} for {the primary|the first} time here.

I {came across|found} this board and I {in finding|find|to find} It {truly|really} {useful|helpful} & it helped me out {a lot|much}.
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{I just|I simply} {would like to|want to|wish to} {give you a|offer you a} {huge|big} thumbs up
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I {always|all the time|every time} used to {read|study} {article|post|piece of
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as I am a user of {internet|web|net} {so|thus|therefore} from now I am using net
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Your {way|method|means|mode} of {describing|explaining|telling} {everything|all|the whole thing} in this {article|post|piece of writing|paragraph} is {really|actually|in fact|truly|genuinely} {nice|pleasant|good|fastidious}, {all|every one} {can|be able
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{Hi|Hello} there, {I found|I discovered} your {blog|website|web site|site} {by means of|via|by the use of|by way of} Google {at the same time
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{Hello|Hi} there, {simply|just} {turned into|became|was|become|changed into}
{aware of|alert to} your {blog|weblog} {thru|through|via} Google,
{and found|and located} that {it is|it's} {really|truly} informative.
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{I will|I'll} {appreciate|be grateful} {if you|should you|when you|in the event you|in case you|for those who|if you happen to} {continue|proceed}
this {in future}. {A lot of|Lots of|Many|Numerous} {other folks|folks|other people|people} {will be|shall be|might be|will probably be|can be|will likely be}
benefited {from your|out of your} writing. Cheers!|
{I am|I'm} curious to find out what blog {system|platform} {you have been|you
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I'm {experiencing|having} some {minor|small} security {problems|issues} with my latest {site|website|blog} and {I would|I'd} like
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{I am|I'm} {extremely|really} impressed with your writing skills {and also|as well as} with the layout on your
{blog|weblog}. Is this a paid theme or did you {customize|modify} it yourself?
{Either way|Anyway} keep up the {nice|excellent} quality writing, {it's|it is} rare
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{I am|I'm} {extremely|really} {inspired|impressed} {with your|together with your|along with
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{rare|uncommon} {to peer|to see|to look} a {nice|great} {blog|weblog} like this one {these days|nowadays|today}..|
{Hi|Hello}, Neat post. {There is|There's} {a problem|an issue} {with your|together with your|along with your} {site|web site|website} in {internet|web} explorer, {may|might|could|would} {check|test} this?
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{leader|chief} and {a large|a good|a big|a huge} {part of|section of|component to|portion of|component of|element of} {other folks|folks|other people|people} will {leave out|omit|miss|pass over} your {great|wonderful|fantastic|magnificent|excellent} writing {due to|because of} this
problem.|
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I needs to spend some time learning {more|much more} or understanding more.

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“return the favor”.{I am|I'm} {trying to|attempting to} find things to {improve|enhance} my {website|site|web
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