Github被封锁,中国政府想激怒所有程序员么

Analyzer是GreatFire的第一个项目,在2011年上线后,它一如以往的为大家提供测试服务直至今日。现在,我们做了一个新的项目叫做"Blocky",欢迎大家试用这个全新的版本!如果您对此有任何意见和建议,请发送邮件到support@greatfire.org

发生了什么?

更新: 在1月23日, https://github.com 已经被解封.

在1月18日,或者18日之前(虽然我们的数据没有包括),GFW开始对“*.github.com”进行连接重置。因此,Github的所有代码分享的子域名都无法在中国访问,比如 aoxu.github.com。Github主站点没有收到太大的影像。第一,它使用Github.com,是根域名。第二,其服务器会自动使用Https加密,防止GFW进行关键字匹配,从而连接重置。

1天后,对Github的封锁包含了github.com根域名的封锁,使用的也是关键字匹配。中国用户还是可以访问Github,只要用户人工输入https://github.com (注意https)。奇怪的是www.github.com被DNS污染,但其他子域名都没有被污染。www这个子域名并没有被Github使用。

在1月21日,DNS污染包含了所有Github.com的域名,包括了根域名和所有子域名。因此,所有Github服务都在中国被封锁。

有趣的是,Github被封锁的消息没有在中国的社交媒体上被审查。“Github”关键字没有被新浪微博屏蔽,而且在自由微博上,我们没有监测到任何含"Github"被审查的微博。

参见本文末尾的时间线来了解关于此次封锁的更多技术细节。

 

为什么,为什么啊?

当中国互联网审查有动静时,第一个问题总是问为什么。虽然我们不能确定,但这并不阻止我们,或者其他任何人进行猜测。

一些人认为这次的封锁使因为Mongol project,建立在Github上Mongol使一个开源的工具来检测具体哪个路由器对数据包进行了过滤,从而得知GFW的具体位置。虽然这样的工具看起来会对中国政府造成威胁,但是以下的事实表明这次封锁使针对Mongol是不太可能的:这个工具在一个月前就被发布在Github上了,并且工具的工作原理在2011年就被发表了,并且相关的论文仍然没有被屏蔽

另一个猜测是中国政府乘机封锁一个提供加密访问的文件分享网站,虽然目的是代码分享,但仍可以用来分享政治敏感的言论。其他文件分享网站也面临相同的遭遇,包括Dropbox。Dropbox在2010年被封锁。Github被网民用来分享信息么?

火车票理论

最引人注目的理论是此次封锁和中国春运的关系。每年上千万中国人会拼命抢着购买有限的火车票来回家,和家人一起度过春节。火车票在中国只能提前18天预定。上千万中国人在春节乘火车回家,买火车票是一个大挑战。失败可能意味着错过了在一年中唯一一次见家人的机会。

随着互联网用户的增加,很多火车票在12306.cn出售。12306是中国政府官方的火车票售卖网站。在等火车票开始售卖的时候,用户会不停的刷新网页。这当然能程序员轻松解决。许多中国浏览器提供商提供了插件,让电脑自动刷新网站,并且当火车票发售后,迅速订票。

一个特别的插件叫做12306_ticket_helper (https://github.com/iccfish/12306_ticket_helper, 现在已经被删除了). 此软件引用了Github的文件。这个插件的流行到导致了Github流量暴增,Github甚至因此下线了。一个Github雇员给12306发了抱怨信。Github不知道文件是被浏览器插件引用的,而不是被12306.cn这个网站本身引用的。

在1月18日,和对Github封锁发生的同时,据传中国铁路局要求金山网络-另一个浏览器提供商,停止火车票抢票插件。当日,工信部要求所有浏览器提供商停止类似插件的运营。

Github只是在错误的时间错误的地点么?不难想象,铁路局和工信部一发声,所有人都听命了。他们可能发现Github也在其中有一脚,索性屏蔽掉它算了。

如果这是真的话,此次事件揭露了中国审查的一些信息。Github被封锁可能有解释。第一,控制GFW规则的员工想审查什么就审查什么(抢票事件),不需要经过什么复杂的手续。另一个解释是控制GFW的机构非常无能,不能理解Github的重要性。他们可能懒得去调查,或者一点都不关注封锁Github对中国程序员的产生的后果。

我们的结果表示真正的原因可能是以上两种解释的混合。首先,审查员关键字屏蔽了*.github.com但发现其没有效果。这表示审查员/审查机构根本不知道Github是如何运作的,并且他们想怎么审查就怎么审查。

HTTPS 理论 (无论这样都是正确的)

因为Github是只提供Https访问的,GFW无法选择性封锁页面。无论中国政府想屏蔽哪个页面,唯一的办法是把整个Github都屏蔽了。这可能对其他网站提供了暗示。当越来越多的网站支持加密连接,选择性审查页面越来越难操作。如果谷歌搜索,维基百科和CNN都只支持HTTPS,中国政府会把他们完全封锁么?

此次封锁会带来什么后果?

根据Alexa,Github是中国排名第276的网站。其全球排名是209位。因为它是只针对程序员的,这个排名并不差。Github官方告诉Tecinasia.网站访问量中国用户名列第四。比其靠前的国外网站只有谷歌,必应(包括Live.com, Microsoft.com, Msn.com),亚马逊,雅虎,维基百科,苹果,ebay和Adobe.

虽然Github很受欢迎,其他类似的服务也有很多。比如Google code 就没有被封锁,虽然Https版本有时候被封锁。如果它变成只支持Https,Google code可能会和Github面临相同的问题。Sourceforge也没有被封锁,其他类似的小型网站也没有被封锁。

程序员一般需要使用项目已经在用的代码分享网站。在项目中途更换网站是很复杂的。许多中国的程序员,特别是那些为国外客户服务的程序员可能必须使用翻墙软件来工作。但因为翻墙软件正被积极的封锁,许多程序员可能根本没法进行工作了。

中国在吸引外企很成功,因为成本低,人才多。在中国的外商现在可能会认为将人力资源部署在中国不是一个好主意,因为这个国家能随时的无警告的屏蔽关键的科技资源。使用Gmail的公司可能已经知道他们的通信设施能随意被关闭。大部分收到去年11月完全屏蔽Google事件的企业可能已经找到了代替Gmail的企业解决方案。现在,他们可能会寻找代替中国的解决方案。

最致命的后果还可能是对中国年轻人态度的印象。中国审查员可能非常有效的激怒了全国的程序员。虽然他们可能已经知道如何翻墙,但是必须使用翻墙软件和VPN工作会激怒他们。中国想把所有年轻人变成黑客么?这会把匿名组织带到中国么?中国审查可能已经到了穷途末路了?

如何规避这次的屏蔽?

如果你阅读此文的时候GFW还没有倒下,你可以使用以下的方法来访问Github.

如果你使用VPN,你的所有流量会经过国外的服务器,Github不会受到任何影响。除非GFW把Github的IP也屏蔽了,另一个简单的解决方案是修改Hosts文件,添加以下记录:

207.97.227.239 github.com

添加以下记录之后,  https://github.com 能够在墙内访问. 不加密的 http://github.com 仍然不能访问, 所以记得人工输入“https”。

Github的IP地址可能会变化。一个更加稳定的解决方案是使用加密的DNS查询服务,比如DNSCrypt,这个服务会避免DNS回应被污染。讽刺的是,Mac版本是建立在Github上的,所以被屏蔽了。但最终下载地址是h ttp://download.dnscrypt.org/guis/opendns/osx/dnscrypt-osx-client-0.19.dmg 没有被屏蔽

如果你使用SSH tunnel或者其他形式的代理,你可以加入以下条目

git config --global http.proxy YOUR_PROXY

时间线

日期事件引用
1月18*.github.com包括www.github.com被连接重置 (没有被DNS污染)https://zh.greatfire.org/www.github.com
https://zh.greatfire.org/aoxu.github.com
https://zh.greatfire.org/jingyuan.github.com
https://zh.greatfire.org/pages.github.com
1月 19github.com连接被重置https://zh.greatfire.org/github.com
1月19 www.github.com被DNS污染https://zh.greatfire.org/www.github.com
https://zh.greatfire.org/https/www.github.com
1月 19在Google搜索www.github.com 包含了.github.com关键字,所以搜索会被重置https://zh.greatfire.org/www.google.com/search%3Fq%3Dwww.github.com
1月20*.github.com 连接被重置(仍然没有被DNS污染)https://zh.greatfire.org/cwyalpha.github.com
https://zh.greatfire.org/raw.github.com
1月21github.com根域名被DNS污染 ( *.github.com也被DNS污染)https://zh.greatfire.org/github.com
https://zh.greatfire.org/https/github.com
https://zh.greatfire.org/fanzuoyong.github.com
https://zh.greatfire.org/https/gist.github.com

 

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星期一, 11月 25, 2024

China’s New Effort to Achieve Cyber Sovereignty

How Real-Name Registration policies create an “ideological firewall” that chills dissent by eliminating user anonymity and selectively restricting transnational access to Chinese social media apps.

星期四, 8月 10, 2023

1.4 million people used FreeBrowser to circumvent the Great Firewall of Turkmenistan

Since 2021, the authorities in Turkmenistan have taken exceptional measures to crack down on the use of circumvention tools. Citizens have been forced to swear on the Koran that they will not use a VPN. Circumvention tool websites have been systematically blocked. Arbitrary searches of mobile devices have also taken place and have even targeted school children and teachers.

The government has also blocked servers hosting VPNs which led to “near complete” internet shutdowns on several occasions in 2022. Current reports indicate that 66 hosting providers, 19 social networks and messaging platforms, and 10 leading content delivery networks (CDNs), are blocked in the country. The government presumably is unconcerned about the negative economic impact that such shutdowns can cause.

星期五, 3月 18, 2022

Well-intentioned decisions have just made it easier for Putin to control the Russian Internet

This article is in large part inspired by a recent article from Meduza (in Russian).

Since the beginning of the war in Ukraine, Russian users have had problems accessing government websites and online banking clients. Browsers began to mark these sites as unsafe and drop the connection. The reason is the revocation of digital security certificates by foreign certificate authorities (either as a direct consequence of sanctions or as an independent, good will move); without them, browsers do not trust sites and “protect” their users from them.

However, these actions, caused - or at least triggered by - a desire to punish Russia for their gruesome actions in Ukraine, will have long-lasting consequences for Russian netizens.

Digital certificates are needed to confirm that the site the user wants to visit is not fraudulent. The certificates contain encryption keys to establish a secure connection between the site and the user. It is very easy to understand whether a page on the Internet is protected by a certificate. One need just look at the address bar of the browser. If the address begins with the https:// prefix, and there is a lock symbol next to the address, the page is protected. By clicking on this lock, you can see the status of the connection, the name of the Certification Authority (CA) that issued the certificate, and its validity period.

There are several dozen commercial and non-commercial organizations in the world that have digital root certificates, but 3/4 of all certificates are issued by only five of the largest companies. Four of them are registered in the USA and one is registered in Belgium.

星期一, 8月 03, 2020

GreatFire 应用生成器 发布

GreatFire (https://en.greatfire.org/) 是一家专注于中国的审查监督组织,我们自豪地宣布一个新的反审查工具,该工具将使任何被屏蔽的媒体、博客、人权组织或民间社会组织反制审查,将其内容得以传播到中国和其他互联网审查国家的数百万读者和支持者的手机上。

GreatFire 已经构建了一个名为“GreatFire 应用生成器”的网页程序,任何组织可以使用它来为中国和其他国家的用户解锁他们的内容。任何人可以访问 (https://appmaker.greatfire.org/),该网站将编译一个带有自己logo的应用,并将包含他们以前被封锁的内容。该应用还将包含一个特殊的、绕过审查的网络浏览器,以便用户可以访问未经审查的网络。这些应用将使用包括机器学习在内的多种策略来规避中国当局先进的审查策略。这个项目在其他有类似中国的审查限制的国家也同样有效。对于组织和最终用户而言,这些应用将免费、快速且非常易于使用。

这个项目的灵感来自于GreatFire自己的应用 自由浏览(https://freebrowser.org/en)的第一手经验,并希望帮助那些可能没有内部专业知识来规避中国审查制度的小型非政府组织。GreatFire的反审查工具在中国发挥了作用,而其他工具却没有。自由浏览可以引导中国的互联网用户从应用的首页进入被僧所内容的导航(http://manyvoices.news/)。

   

人权基金会 (HRF) 已经使用 GreatFire 应用生成器 创建了一个应用程序HRF 在全球范围内促进和保护人权。该组织的使命是确保自由在世界范围内得到维护和促进。 HRF 的网站 在中国被封锁, 但现在中国任何人都可以 下载 HRF Android 应用程序 并访问该网站的信息。

“现在是中国政府防火墙倒塌的时候了,”人权基金会战略顾问王珍妮说。 “与我们在 GreatFire 的朋友一起,我们致力于击败中国的审查制度——在每一部手机。”

GreatFire 应用生成器 的起源可以追溯到 2014 年,当时开放技术基金 (OTF) 支持 GreatFire 的“依附的自由”实验。该项目直接导致了 2015 年中国政府的大规模网络攻击,后来被称为“大炮”。 OTF 还为 GreatFire 开发 AppleCensorship.com,该网站正在跟踪苹果对包括香港在内的全球应用商店的审查情况。

自由浏览 是“大炮”攻击的直接结果,五年后,我们很高兴能够向任何可能遭受中国当局审查的组织提供我们的方法。 

星期五, 7月 24, 2020

Apple, anticompetition, and censorship

On July 20, 2020, GreatFire wrote to all 13 members of the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law of the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary, requesting a thorough examination into Apple’s practice of censorship of its App Store, and an investigation into how the company collaborates with the Chinese authorities to maintain its unique position as one of the few foreign tech companies operating profitably in the Chinese digital market.  

This letter was sent a week before Apple CEO TIm Cook will be called for questioning in front of the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law. The CEOs of Amazon, Google and Facebook will also be questioned on July 27, as part of the Committee’s ongoing investigation into competition in the digital marketplace.

This hearing offers an opportunity to detail to the Subcommittee how Apple uses its closed operating ecosystem to not only abuse its market position but also to deprive certain users, most notably those in China, of their right to download and use apps related to privacy, secure communication, and censorship circumvention.

We hope that U.S. House representatives agree with our view that Apple should not be allowed to do elsewhere what would be considered as unacceptable in the U.S. Chinese citizens are not second class citizens. Private companies such as Apple compromise themselves and their self-proclaimed values of freedom and privacy when they collaborate with the Chinese government and its censors.

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