中国当局的使用数百万网民进行网络攻击

Analyzer是GreatFire的第一个项目,在2011年上线后,它一如以往的为大家提供测试服务直至今日。现在,我们做了一个新的项目叫做"Blocky",欢迎大家试用这个全新的版本!如果您对此有任何意见和建议,请发送邮件到support@greatfire.org

在2015年3月17日,我们和同伴的网站受到了大量的DDoS攻击。在此之前我们从未受到过如此严重的攻击. 这次攻击的特殊之处在于-我们发现是中国的政府劫持了全球数百万的互联网用户来发起了这次攻击.。我们相信这对于中国民众来说这是一个主要的网络安全和经济威胁。How did that get there?

在寻求了一些网络组织的帮助后 ,独立调查者通过分析我们的日志文件发现了如下的事实::

  • 近百万的网络用户在访问一些国内外网站的时候, 被随机的插入了一些代码用于攻击GreatFire.org的网站.

  • 百度统计脚本 (h.js) 是被用来触发攻击的手段之一。百度统计, 类似于 Google Analytics 国内外有许多网站正在使用它。任何用户在访问任何一个使用了百度统计或其他百度资源的网站时都被插入了代码。 这里有一个列表呈现了用于此次攻击的百度资源report.

  • 这个攻击代码没有根据地理位置进行判断,而是插入了所有的用户,这就意味着攻击者并非指定对中国用户攻击,同时也连累了世界各地的用户和网站。

  • 这些流量在他们到达百度服务器之前,也就是在从中国的入口处就被篡改了,这些恶意行为的一致性指出中国网信办 (CAC)直接参与了这些攻击。.

更多的技术细节可以访问这个研究报告—— “利用百度来使用户发起拒绝服务攻击”.

GitHub 受到 DDoS 攻击

在3月25日,中国当局又用了同样的手段来DDoS攻击了GitHub — 我们的页面是主要目标。为了缓和攻击, 我们镜像了我们的 GitHub 库并告知用户来直接访问页面,攻击者们又把攻击切换到我们的 GitHub page 上。

GitHub 描述:

我们正在亲身经历github历史上最大的一次 DDoS (distributed denial of service)攻击。 攻击开始于 3月 26日 星期二 UTC 2时, 涉及了范围广泛的攻击媒介组合. 包括了我们以前看到过的所有攻击媒介以及复杂的新技术并使用了无辜的浏览器浏览器和无关的用户通过巨大的流量进攻了github.com.基于我们收到的报告, 我们相信此次攻击是为了让我们删除“一些特殊类别的内容“.

我们相信 “一些特殊类别的内容”指的就是 GreatFire.org 的  GitHub 页面. 为了抵抗来自CAC的恶意脚本注入DDoS攻击, GitHub 修改了 https://github.com/greatfire/ 来给用户显示一个信息: "WARNING: malicious javascript detected on this domain".(警告:在此域名上侦测到恶意脚本)

访问我们 GitHub 页面的网址( https://github.com/greatfire/) 是被硬编码进恶意脚本里面的。我们的页面仍然可以访问,只有那些暴露于恶意代码的用户在访问其他网站时才会看到警告提示信息。GitHub的攻击仍然在进行,约1%的国外用户仍然在访问具有百度元素的网站时被注入恶意代码。

 

事件的影响

我们的第一篇博文因为没有什么证据,所以并未对攻击者下结论。 但基于上述的对Github被攻击的技术论证和研究的细节,我们确信国网信办(CAC)应该对这些攻击负责。.

劫持数百万世界各地无辜的互联网用户的电脑数特别引人注目,因为这说明中国当局全然不顾中国乃至国际的互联网法律。用户对于被利用来攻击毫无办法。鲁炜的声明,中国网信办的领导,关注并总结了我们的想法和这些攻击:

互联网是全球共用的信息平台,是你中有我、我中有你的“利益共同体”,面对网络犯罪、黑客攻击、侵犯隐私等全球性挑战,任何国家都不可能在安全问题上“独善其身”。在网络空间里,牺牲他国安全来维护本国安全难以为继,排斥他国诉求去谋取本国利益也不会长久。中国也是黑客攻击的受害国,我们始终坚决反对任何形式的网络攻击行为,希望在网络安全、网络反恐、网络执法、个人隐私保护等方面,与世界各国一道深化交流合作,共同筑牢网络安全底线.

有意思的是,恶意代码注入只能是在中国骨干网上完成,甚至是网信办都不能直接发起攻击, 他们对中国的网络负责,但他们甚至都不知道发生了些什么. 这些攻击就发生在网信办的眼皮底下而且还必须要获得鲁炜的批准。

鲁炜和中国网信办很明显的升级了他们控制信息的战术. 防火长城由一个被动的过滤器变成了一个具有侵略性的主动的武器。 这是一个非常可怕的发展,这种行动的影响将会延伸至互联网的每一个角落。简明的说,当局已经以前是对中国,现在到全球互联网用户都要执行严格的审查制度。中国网信办已经能够有足够的技术和资金支持来便捷的迅速的对全球任何一个地方的任何网站发起DDoS攻击。

这些攻击也充分说明了中国政府的短视. 武器化中国的互联网服务扼杀了中国企业家的全球化信心并加快了全球互联网碎片化。美国证券交易委员会已经要求微博解释审查是如何工作的,百度—一家在美国公开上市的公司,称可能在做同样的事情。   

我们正确预测了去年中国将要进行中间人攻击(MITM)来审查加密的网站。现在我们悲观的认为反对我们和Github的DDoS攻击更象一个是加大攻击国外互联网的信号,这样的攻击将会受到世界各国政府的批评和蔑视。

需要注意的是,尽管这个攻击如此严重, 我们的安桌版自由浏览器并没有受到影响,它每天仍然帮助了成千上万的中国用户翻越防火长城。

代表这些数百万的被操纵的不知情用户, 我们号召中国网信办立即结束这些DDoS攻击,并为他们公然无礼的和危险的行为道歉。

补充信息

在攻击开始之后,许多海外用户看到了警告信息并截图发步到了社交媒体上。

一个用户上传了一段视频到Youtube上,展示了当用户被恶意脚本劫持DDoS攻击了Github时发生了些什么。你也能够看到了Github尽力缓解了影响。

这里有一些有趣的细节是关于网信办改变了攻击方式来维持攻击Github。

一个早些时候的报告是无关防火长城的升级的说明是“在中国的每一台机器都有可能成为DDoS攻击无辜网站的一份子”和“他们的人民都是武器”。这看起来太乐观了,网信办让全球网民全部成为了武器。

 

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星期四, 8月 10, 2023

1.4 million people used FreeBrowser to circumvent the Great Firewall of Turkmenistan

Since 2021, the authorities in Turkmenistan have taken exceptional measures to crack down on the use of circumvention tools. Citizens have been forced to swear on the Koran that they will not use a VPN. Circumvention tool websites have been systematically blocked. Arbitrary searches of mobile devices have also taken place and have even targeted school children and teachers.

The government has also blocked servers hosting VPNs which led to “near complete” internet shutdowns on several occasions in 2022. Current reports indicate that 66 hosting providers, 19 social networks and messaging platforms, and 10 leading content delivery networks (CDNs), are blocked in the country. The government presumably is unconcerned about the negative economic impact that such shutdowns can cause.

星期五, 3月 18, 2022

Well-intentioned decisions have just made it easier for Putin to control the Russian Internet

This article is in large part inspired by a recent article from Meduza (in Russian).

Since the beginning of the war in Ukraine, Russian users have had problems accessing government websites and online banking clients. Browsers began to mark these sites as unsafe and drop the connection. The reason is the revocation of digital security certificates by foreign certificate authorities (either as a direct consequence of sanctions or as an independent, good will move); without them, browsers do not trust sites and “protect” their users from them.

However, these actions, caused - or at least triggered by - a desire to punish Russia for their gruesome actions in Ukraine, will have long-lasting consequences for Russian netizens.

Digital certificates are needed to confirm that the site the user wants to visit is not fraudulent. The certificates contain encryption keys to establish a secure connection between the site and the user. It is very easy to understand whether a page on the Internet is protected by a certificate. One need just look at the address bar of the browser. If the address begins with the https:// prefix, and there is a lock symbol next to the address, the page is protected. By clicking on this lock, you can see the status of the connection, the name of the Certification Authority (CA) that issued the certificate, and its validity period.

There are several dozen commercial and non-commercial organizations in the world that have digital root certificates, but 3/4 of all certificates are issued by only five of the largest companies. Four of them are registered in the USA and one is registered in Belgium.

星期一, 8月 03, 2020

GreatFire 应用生成器 发布

GreatFire (https://en.greatfire.org/) 是一家专注于中国的审查监督组织,我们自豪地宣布一个新的反审查工具,该工具将使任何被屏蔽的媒体、博客、人权组织或民间社会组织反制审查,将其内容得以传播到中国和其他互联网审查国家的数百万读者和支持者的手机上。

GreatFire 已经构建了一个名为“GreatFire 应用生成器”的网页程序,任何组织可以使用它来为中国和其他国家的用户解锁他们的内容。任何人可以访问 (https://appmaker.greatfire.org/),该网站将编译一个带有自己logo的应用,并将包含他们以前被封锁的内容。该应用还将包含一个特殊的、绕过审查的网络浏览器,以便用户可以访问未经审查的网络。这些应用将使用包括机器学习在内的多种策略来规避中国当局先进的审查策略。这个项目在其他有类似中国的审查限制的国家也同样有效。对于组织和最终用户而言,这些应用将免费、快速且非常易于使用。

这个项目的灵感来自于GreatFire自己的应用 自由浏览(https://freebrowser.org/en)的第一手经验,并希望帮助那些可能没有内部专业知识来规避中国审查制度的小型非政府组织。GreatFire的反审查工具在中国发挥了作用,而其他工具却没有。自由浏览可以引导中国的互联网用户从应用的首页进入被僧所内容的导航(http://manyvoices.news/)。

   

人权基金会 (HRF) 已经使用 GreatFire 应用生成器 创建了一个应用程序HRF 在全球范围内促进和保护人权。该组织的使命是确保自由在世界范围内得到维护和促进。 HRF 的网站 在中国被封锁, 但现在中国任何人都可以 下载 HRF Android 应用程序 并访问该网站的信息。

“现在是中国政府防火墙倒塌的时候了,”人权基金会战略顾问王珍妮说。 “与我们在 GreatFire 的朋友一起,我们致力于击败中国的审查制度——在每一部手机。”

GreatFire 应用生成器 的起源可以追溯到 2014 年,当时开放技术基金 (OTF) 支持 GreatFire 的“依附的自由”实验。该项目直接导致了 2015 年中国政府的大规模网络攻击,后来被称为“大炮”。 OTF 还为 GreatFire 开发 AppleCensorship.com,该网站正在跟踪苹果对包括香港在内的全球应用商店的审查情况。

自由浏览 是“大炮”攻击的直接结果,五年后,我们很高兴能够向任何可能遭受中国当局审查的组织提供我们的方法。 

星期五, 7月 24, 2020

Apple, anticompetition, and censorship

On July 20, 2020, GreatFire wrote to all 13 members of the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law of the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary, requesting a thorough examination into Apple’s practice of censorship of its App Store, and an investigation into how the company collaborates with the Chinese authorities to maintain its unique position as one of the few foreign tech companies operating profitably in the Chinese digital market.  

This letter was sent a week before Apple CEO TIm Cook will be called for questioning in front of the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law. The CEOs of Amazon, Google and Facebook will also be questioned on July 27, as part of the Committee’s ongoing investigation into competition in the digital marketplace.

This hearing offers an opportunity to detail to the Subcommittee how Apple uses its closed operating ecosystem to not only abuse its market position but also to deprive certain users, most notably those in China, of their right to download and use apps related to privacy, secure communication, and censorship circumvention.

We hope that U.S. House representatives agree with our view that Apple should not be allowed to do elsewhere what would be considered as unacceptable in the U.S. Chinese citizens are not second class citizens. Private companies such as Apple compromise themselves and their self-proclaimed values of freedom and privacy when they collaborate with the Chinese government and its censors.

星期一, 6月 10, 2019

苹果审查中国西藏的信息

苹果在涉及西藏的审查方面有着悠久历史。 2009年,据计算机世界网透露 ,与达赖喇嘛有关的几个应用程序在苹果的中国区应用商店中不存在。这些应用的开发者未收到他们的应用被删除的通知。当面对这些审查制度时,苹果发言人只是说该公司将“继续遵守当地法律”。

2017年12月,在中国的一次会议上,当被问及与中国当局合作审查苹果应用商店时,蒂姆·库克 宣称

“所以你的选择是参与进去,还是站在局外,吼叫着事情应当怎样?我自己的看法非常强烈,你得进入赛场,因为没有任何东西会从局外发生改变。"

自苹果公司首次因与中国当局合作以遏制已被边缘化的声音而被批评的十年间,情况发生了什么变化?苹果继续严格遵守中国当局的审查令。蒂姆库克什么时候会期望他的公司能帮助在中国带来积极的变化?

根据生成的数据 https://applecensorship.com,Apple现在已经审查了在中国应用商店中29个西藏的热门应用程序。关于新闻,宗教研究,旅游甚至游戏的西藏主题应用程序正在被苹果审查。最下方附有完整的审查应用列表。

“苹果的领导力隐藏在他们审查应用程序以遵守模糊的'中国当地法律'的借口,但他们的行为缺乏任何透明度。通过从中国苹果应用商店删除藏文和其他许多应用程序,苹果阻碍了藏人获取信息和自由表达自己的能力,这是国际法下的一项基本人权。“ TibCERT(西藏计算机应急准备小组)的响应协调员Dorjee Phuntsok说道。 他们与GreatFire合作对被屏蔽的应用程序进行了分析。

   2019年1月,GreatFire推出了applecensorship.com。在那时,GreatFire联合创始人马丁约翰逊指出:“苹果公司在其透明度报告中没有分享有关应用商店审查的信息 - 该项目强制透明度。蒂姆库克可以随心所欲地说苹果在中国做了或没有做什么,但 applecensorship.com 提供了可以实际看到苹果实施审查原始数据的途径。

分析苹果在中国审查的iOS应用程序

有许多应用程序由藏人或为藏人制作,苹果正在审查中国区应用商店中的许多应用程序。了解某些应用程序被阻止的方式和原因以及这些决策背后的基本原理非常重要。为了解这一点,TibCERT(西藏应急准备小组)对在中国应用商店中被审查的藏文应用程序进行了分析。该研究使用关键字搜索藏文应用程序,然后使用GreatFire提供的应用程序审查平台。

TibCERT分析了119个以藏语为主题的iOS应用程序。使用“西藏”,“藏人”,“达赖喇嘛”,“佛教”,“藏传佛教”,等关键词搜索苹果应用商店时,可以找到下面列出的应用程序。这些应用程序分为五大类:“宗教或文化”,“媒体/政治”,“娱乐”,“工具”和“教育”。

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