苹果、微软信任中国政府来保护你的信息安全

Analyzer是GreatFire的第一个项目,在2011年上线后,它一如以往的为大家提供测试服务直至今日。现在,我们做了一个新的项目叫做"Blocky",欢迎大家试用这个全新的版本!如果您对此有任何意见和建议,请发送邮件到support@greatfire.org

微软、苹果、Mozilla等公司的浏览器都将CNNIC作为系统内置默认可信任的证书(无论用户是在中国还是海外)。CNNIC是中国互联网信息中心,属工信部管理。据报道,CNNIC曾审查网络(并试图隐瞒)、发布恶意软件、安全记录不良。中国的技术型网民多年来一直抵制将CNNIC作为可信任的根证书。中国最近发生了针对谷歌和苹果等产品的中间人攻击,网络监测组织GreatFire.org再次呼吁取消CNNIC作为根证书的资格

你可能被CNNIC颁发的证书攻击么?

点击CNNIC的网站https://www1.cnnic.cn/gywm/CNNICjs/jj/  ,如果你的浏览器的地址栏中出现了锁标,或者你没有收到任何安全提示,这表明你的浏览器将CNNIC默认为可信任的证书。你也因此可能容易遭受到CNNIC的中间人攻击。你的用户名、密码、电邮、照片、联络人、财务信息等都可能被盗取。

CNNIC-trust.png

CNNIC为何不可信?

今年10月份,中国当局对苹果iCloud、谷歌、微软Outlook以及雅虎发动了中间人攻击。而CNNIC扮演了默许支持或积极配合的角色。

CNNIC是“中国信息社会的基础设施建设者、运营者与管理者”。GreatFire证实,最近几次的中间人攻击来自中国互联网的中枢。针对雅虎与谷歌的攻击在互联网中枢上持续了数周。

CNNIC有通信管理局负责人领导,而通信管理局隶属于中国工信部。工信部要求所有设在中国大陆的网站申请许可,并定期检查,关闭不持有许可的网站。

CNNIC推出的“中文上网官方版软件”被北京市网络行业协会列为2005年五大恶意软件之一,因为该软件强制安装,并无法完全删除。微软也曾将其列为一个威胁:

浏览器修改程式Win32/CNNIC经常在用户知情或不知情的情况下安装。其内核驱动程序防止程式中的文件和设置被修改或删除。(微软恶意软件防护中心)

熊猫安全也指出,CNNIC通过网络的弱点、并通过其他的恶意软件来传播“中文上网官方版软件”,譬如骗取用户“打开文档、查看恶意网页、读取邮件等”。该软件能捕获用户输入与存储的所有信息,造成巨大的隐私隐患。

CNNIC审查网络

CNNIC运营的公共DNS也执行网络审查,禁止用户浏览脸书、推特、YouTube等许多网站。如果中国用户试图连接被封锁的网站,将会返回错误的DNS回应。但如果用户在中国以外,DNS返回的地址又是正确的。

下面这张图中,当一位在中国的用户试图连上 www.twitter.com 时, DNS 服务器 1.2.4.8 (由CNNIC管理)将要求绑架到错误的IP地址,27.61.54.128,但这个地址并不是twitter的地址。因此最终该用户无法连上推特。

DNS2.png

CNNIC不仅审查互联网,同时也试图隐瞒。2014年1月21日,中国防火墙意外地封锁了中国的所有网络。有证据指出,中国的防火墙是此次中国断网的起因。CNNIC承认了断网,但没有说明具体原因。作为一个负责中国DNS安全的机构,CNNIC没能调查这次规模庞大的袭击,可以被看作是为中国防火墙做隐瞒。

同时,CNNIC的安全措施非常恶劣。他们的网站上就含有不安全的内容,包括需要用户填写的表格等全都内容,都默认http连接(没有加密)。

当火狐于2009年首先承认CNNIC的安全证书时,许多中国网民表示反对。“现在中间人攻击成为中国互联网的新常规,我们希望火狐、微软、苹果等能取消CNNIC的安全证书资格,不仅以保护中国用户的信息,也为了保护全球用户的信息。”Greatfire说。

后果严重

CNNIC的安全证书被许多开源产品默认设置为可信任,包括火狐、Ubuntu、微软视窗系统、苹果iOS和OSX系统。这适用于几乎所有版本的火狐、Ubuntu、视窗系统、和大多数的苹果手机。受影响的用户包括从未去过中国、在中国以外购买、下载软硬件的用户。

CNNIC-win.png

CNNIC可在用户不知情的情况下,颁布证书以截获加密的连接。以上的截图显示,CNNIC可确保对远程电脑的定位。如果中国防火墙或国家黑客使用CNNIC来进行中间人攻击,你的电脑或iPhone将信任黑客攻击的连接。而用户之间所有的通信将被GFW记录,信息将被中国当局所截获。而Apple Pay的连接一旦被截获,损失的除了隐私之外,还会产生金钱损失。

iPhone尤其容易受到攻击,因为iPhone用户无法查看可信任证书的信息,无法察觉来自CNNIC的攻击。即使不在中国的用户,也会受到此类攻击。

借助CNNIC进行的中间人攻击不可能大规模发生,因为一旦发现,就会被火狐、微软和苹果等公司取消资格。但高度集中的攻击很可能不被察觉。此前对Outlook的攻击就差点没有被察觉。

你能做什么?

请各位用户向各大电子公司请求,取消CNNIC证书。该组织指出,中国政府可能会因此向这些公司施压。同时,我们也呼吁用户自己动手删除CNNIC证书

翻译来自泡泡网

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星期四, 8月 10, 2023

1.4 million people used FreeBrowser to circumvent the Great Firewall of Turkmenistan

Since 2021, the authorities in Turkmenistan have taken exceptional measures to crack down on the use of circumvention tools. Citizens have been forced to swear on the Koran that they will not use a VPN. Circumvention tool websites have been systematically blocked. Arbitrary searches of mobile devices have also taken place and have even targeted school children and teachers.

The government has also blocked servers hosting VPNs which led to “near complete” internet shutdowns on several occasions in 2022. Current reports indicate that 66 hosting providers, 19 social networks and messaging platforms, and 10 leading content delivery networks (CDNs), are blocked in the country. The government presumably is unconcerned about the negative economic impact that such shutdowns can cause.

星期五, 3月 18, 2022

Well-intentioned decisions have just made it easier for Putin to control the Russian Internet

This article is in large part inspired by a recent article from Meduza (in Russian).

Since the beginning of the war in Ukraine, Russian users have had problems accessing government websites and online banking clients. Browsers began to mark these sites as unsafe and drop the connection. The reason is the revocation of digital security certificates by foreign certificate authorities (either as a direct consequence of sanctions or as an independent, good will move); without them, browsers do not trust sites and “protect” their users from them.

However, these actions, caused - or at least triggered by - a desire to punish Russia for their gruesome actions in Ukraine, will have long-lasting consequences for Russian netizens.

Digital certificates are needed to confirm that the site the user wants to visit is not fraudulent. The certificates contain encryption keys to establish a secure connection between the site and the user. It is very easy to understand whether a page on the Internet is protected by a certificate. One need just look at the address bar of the browser. If the address begins with the https:// prefix, and there is a lock symbol next to the address, the page is protected. By clicking on this lock, you can see the status of the connection, the name of the Certification Authority (CA) that issued the certificate, and its validity period.

There are several dozen commercial and non-commercial organizations in the world that have digital root certificates, but 3/4 of all certificates are issued by only five of the largest companies. Four of them are registered in the USA and one is registered in Belgium.

星期一, 8月 03, 2020

GreatFire 应用生成器 发布

GreatFire (https://en.greatfire.org/) 是一家专注于中国的审查监督组织,我们自豪地宣布一个新的反审查工具,该工具将使任何被屏蔽的媒体、博客、人权组织或民间社会组织反制审查,将其内容得以传播到中国和其他互联网审查国家的数百万读者和支持者的手机上。

GreatFire 已经构建了一个名为“GreatFire 应用生成器”的网页程序,任何组织可以使用它来为中国和其他国家的用户解锁他们的内容。任何人可以访问 (https://appmaker.greatfire.org/),该网站将编译一个带有自己logo的应用,并将包含他们以前被封锁的内容。该应用还将包含一个特殊的、绕过审查的网络浏览器,以便用户可以访问未经审查的网络。这些应用将使用包括机器学习在内的多种策略来规避中国当局先进的审查策略。这个项目在其他有类似中国的审查限制的国家也同样有效。对于组织和最终用户而言,这些应用将免费、快速且非常易于使用。

这个项目的灵感来自于GreatFire自己的应用 自由浏览(https://freebrowser.org/en)的第一手经验,并希望帮助那些可能没有内部专业知识来规避中国审查制度的小型非政府组织。GreatFire的反审查工具在中国发挥了作用,而其他工具却没有。自由浏览可以引导中国的互联网用户从应用的首页进入被僧所内容的导航(http://manyvoices.news/)。

   

人权基金会 (HRF) 已经使用 GreatFire 应用生成器 创建了一个应用程序HRF 在全球范围内促进和保护人权。该组织的使命是确保自由在世界范围内得到维护和促进。 HRF 的网站 在中国被封锁, 但现在中国任何人都可以 下载 HRF Android 应用程序 并访问该网站的信息。

“现在是中国政府防火墙倒塌的时候了,”人权基金会战略顾问王珍妮说。 “与我们在 GreatFire 的朋友一起,我们致力于击败中国的审查制度——在每一部手机。”

GreatFire 应用生成器 的起源可以追溯到 2014 年,当时开放技术基金 (OTF) 支持 GreatFire 的“依附的自由”实验。该项目直接导致了 2015 年中国政府的大规模网络攻击,后来被称为“大炮”。 OTF 还为 GreatFire 开发 AppleCensorship.com,该网站正在跟踪苹果对包括香港在内的全球应用商店的审查情况。

自由浏览 是“大炮”攻击的直接结果,五年后,我们很高兴能够向任何可能遭受中国当局审查的组织提供我们的方法。 

星期五, 7月 24, 2020

Apple, anticompetition, and censorship

On July 20, 2020, GreatFire wrote to all 13 members of the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law of the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary, requesting a thorough examination into Apple’s practice of censorship of its App Store, and an investigation into how the company collaborates with the Chinese authorities to maintain its unique position as one of the few foreign tech companies operating profitably in the Chinese digital market.  

This letter was sent a week before Apple CEO TIm Cook will be called for questioning in front of the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law. The CEOs of Amazon, Google and Facebook will also be questioned on July 27, as part of the Committee’s ongoing investigation into competition in the digital marketplace.

This hearing offers an opportunity to detail to the Subcommittee how Apple uses its closed operating ecosystem to not only abuse its market position but also to deprive certain users, most notably those in China, of their right to download and use apps related to privacy, secure communication, and censorship circumvention.

We hope that U.S. House representatives agree with our view that Apple should not be allowed to do elsewhere what would be considered as unacceptable in the U.S. Chinese citizens are not second class citizens. Private companies such as Apple compromise themselves and their self-proclaimed values of freedom and privacy when they collaborate with the Chinese government and its censors.

星期一, 6月 10, 2019

苹果审查中国西藏的信息

苹果在涉及西藏的审查方面有着悠久历史。 2009年,据计算机世界网透露 ,与达赖喇嘛有关的几个应用程序在苹果的中国区应用商店中不存在。这些应用的开发者未收到他们的应用被删除的通知。当面对这些审查制度时,苹果发言人只是说该公司将“继续遵守当地法律”。

2017年12月,在中国的一次会议上,当被问及与中国当局合作审查苹果应用商店时,蒂姆·库克 宣称

“所以你的选择是参与进去,还是站在局外,吼叫着事情应当怎样?我自己的看法非常强烈,你得进入赛场,因为没有任何东西会从局外发生改变。"

自苹果公司首次因与中国当局合作以遏制已被边缘化的声音而被批评的十年间,情况发生了什么变化?苹果继续严格遵守中国当局的审查令。蒂姆库克什么时候会期望他的公司能帮助在中国带来积极的变化?

根据生成的数据 https://applecensorship.com,Apple现在已经审查了在中国应用商店中29个西藏的热门应用程序。关于新闻,宗教研究,旅游甚至游戏的西藏主题应用程序正在被苹果审查。最下方附有完整的审查应用列表。

“苹果的领导力隐藏在他们审查应用程序以遵守模糊的'中国当地法律'的借口,但他们的行为缺乏任何透明度。通过从中国苹果应用商店删除藏文和其他许多应用程序,苹果阻碍了藏人获取信息和自由表达自己的能力,这是国际法下的一项基本人权。“ TibCERT(西藏计算机应急准备小组)的响应协调员Dorjee Phuntsok说道。 他们与GreatFire合作对被屏蔽的应用程序进行了分析。

   2019年1月,GreatFire推出了applecensorship.com。在那时,GreatFire联合创始人马丁约翰逊指出:“苹果公司在其透明度报告中没有分享有关应用商店审查的信息 - 该项目强制透明度。蒂姆库克可以随心所欲地说苹果在中国做了或没有做什么,但 applecensorship.com 提供了可以实际看到苹果实施审查原始数据的途径。

分析苹果在中国审查的iOS应用程序

有许多应用程序由藏人或为藏人制作,苹果正在审查中国区应用商店中的许多应用程序。了解某些应用程序被阻止的方式和原因以及这些决策背后的基本原理非常重要。为了解这一点,TibCERT(西藏应急准备小组)对在中国应用商店中被审查的藏文应用程序进行了分析。该研究使用关键字搜索藏文应用程序,然后使用GreatFire提供的应用程序审查平台。

TibCERT分析了119个以藏语为主题的iOS应用程序。使用“西藏”,“藏人”,“达赖喇嘛”,“佛教”,“藏传佛教”,等关键词搜索苹果应用商店时,可以找到下面列出的应用程序。这些应用程序分为五大类:“宗教或文化”,“媒体/政治”,“娱乐”,“工具”和“教育”。

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评论

Problem with this 'call for action' is that you can't limit yourself to just CNNIC. There are many other governments and organisations trusted by your browser which are highly suspect.

The only correct action here is to educate yourself on how to verify these certificates, both in your browser as well as your mail client, and use certificate pinning where possible.

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