Google在审查问题上向中国政府低头

Analyzer是GreatFire的第一个项目,在2011年上线后,它一如以往的为大家提供测试服务直至今日。现在,我们做了一个新的项目叫做"Blocky",欢迎大家试用这个全新的版本!如果您对此有任何意见和建议,请发送邮件到support@greatfire.org

在去年12月5日~8日中,Google作出了一个令人吃惊,却还未被报道的决定。他们决定取消通知中国用户搜索时所含有的敏感词。(截图见下)。他们还删除了如何使用此功能的帮助文档。这表示中国政府和Google之间的关系有了进一步的变化。因为Google在2010年决定将中国大陆的搜索引擎迁移到香港以后,对Google服务,比如Youtube,Google+和上千个敏感词的审查都由GFW来完成,不在Google的控制范围之内。但这个最新的决定完全是由Google决定的,这个决定只能被描述为自我审查。


Google一直被描述为不向中国政府屈服,坚持“不做恶”信条的模范公司。 这个印象在5月Google为中国用户推出敏感词通知功能时到达了顶峰。输入被GFW封锁的上千个敏感词中的一个,这个信息就会告诉用户继续搜索可能会导致用户连接被中断。这是一个大胆的暴露审查人员想隐藏信息的举措。与此同时,外交政策问到“搜索巨人与中国政府的第二次大战,言论自由会胜利么?”

在Google推出此功能24小时内,GFW就反击,将提供此功能的JS脚本给屏蔽了(见事件时间线)。Google不甘落后,改变了JS脚本的URL地址,却又遭屏蔽。这个猫捉老鼠的游戏在Google聪明地把此脚本内嵌在主页HTML里面。这样,在技术上没有可能只屏蔽此功能,却不把整个Google给屏蔽了。

这是一个反抗审查的极大胜利。不幸的是,这胜利不长。根据我们的测试数据,Google在12月5日~8日,把专为中国用户研发的内嵌在主页里的敏感词提示功能取消了。他们为什么这么做呢?
 
一个理论是专门为中国用户研发的功能让Google的主页变得难以维护。一个系统越复杂,越难以维护和开发。但是,这个功能显然是很有价值的。以Google员工的智力,他们肯定能找到一个技术上可行的解决方案。虽然Google在中国的市场占有率只有大约5%, 但这也有2500万网民。
 
让这个理论不成立的很大一个证据是Google也删除了关于此功能的帮助文章。关闭此功能可能是因为技术问题,但删除帮助文章来假装此功能重来没存在过可不是技术问题能解释的了。这个帮助文章本来能在 http://www.google.com/support/websearch/bin/answer.py?answer=2477913 这里找到,但是现在访问此连接会出现一个“网页不可用”的错误。我们的测试数据显示此文档在12月5日还存在,却在12月8日被删除了。这和敏感词提示功能被取消是在同一个时段。这是原先帮助文章的截图:
 
 

是什么原因让Google关闭智能的反审查功能并同时删除帮助文档的呢?半年前费力建立这个功能的开发者一定尖叫着反抗了。因为删除帮助文档只有Google自己才能办到,唯一的原因就是Google和中国政府达成协议,在巨大的压力下屈服,进行了自我审查。

中国政府怎么让这么正值的一个公司屈服的呢?很可能,在11月9日的对Google的完全屏蔽是一部分压力。这个屏蔽在24小时之内就被取消了,看起来非常的奇怪。当时,我们认为着可能是政府在测试“一键封锁Google”。现在看起来,短暂的完全屏蔽是给Google施加压力非常可能。这可能是政府对Google展示自己的力量,并在和Google协商时成为一个可观的砝码。

在今年11月,对GMail进行的部分屏蔽和限速也显著增加。最终,Google可能决定提供一个被限制的Google搜索,和一个缓慢但是可用的Gmail比被中国完全屏蔽要好。

这是在与审查的战争中的一场重大挫败。Google站在了错误的位置。这表示Google作为反审查斗士可能名不副实。但是,这并不是说其他公司更好。(这里是关于微软苹果雅虎)。 Gmail可能仍然是异见人士最好的Email服务商,因为其提供https,两步验证,并且对可疑活动以及国家资助的攻击者攻击进行警告。我们感激Google尝试不屈服于政府,虽然现在看来它必须低头了。

展望未来,一个弱化的Google表示它不会继续探索中国网络审查的底线。比如说,它不会把所有来自中国的流量重定向到https,虽然这样做会使所有被屏蔽的关键字都被解封。

我们希望Google能为我们和几千万中国用户提供一个解释。但是,我们从Google在中国区的透明度报道中的:

中国官方将审查要求视为国家机密,因此我们无法披露在从 2009 年 7 月到 2010 年 6 月的两个报告期间与内容删除要求相关的任何信息。

我们能推测,Google不太可能提供解释。

更新:根据卫报,“Google发言人证实了在12月这个功能被取消,但因为事件在中国的敏感性拒绝对此进行评论” “在中国的一个线人表示Google虽然尝试了许多方法来规避审查但最终决定继续在技术上斗争只会起反作用,”

事件事件线

日期事件引用
5月 31日

Google推出一个新功能,通知中国用户搜索中的敏感词。Google发布了关于此功能的博文,帮助文档和Youtube视频。

https://zh.greatfire.org/blog/2012/jun/greatfire-may-google-and-sina-adapt-great-firewall-strikes-back

http://insidesearch.blogspot.com/2012/05/better-search-in-mainland-china.html
5月 31日GFW 屏蔽了包含敏感词功能和数据的JS脚本,从而屏蔽了此功能。https://zh.greatfire.org/https/bit.ly/KhDUnK
6月2日

Google改变了js脚本的URL地址,从而重新启用了此功能。

https://twitter.com/GreatFireChina/status/208855394280423424*
6月2日 - 18日GFW 又屏蔽了新的URL地址.http://ow.ly/bjBwE*
6月底前

Google将此反审查功能内嵌到主页内,使其不可能被选择性屏蔽。

https://zh.greatfire.org/blog/2012/jul/greatfire-june-bloomberg-blocked-well-hundreds-additional-keywords-weibo
11月6日

对Gmail的部分屏蔽加剧。

https://zh.greatfire.org/https/mail.google.com/mail
11月9日所有google.com和google.com.hk在中国被屏蔽。https://zh.greatfire.org/blog/2012/nov/googlecom-blocked-china
11月10日Google 被解封。https://zh.greatfire.org/blog/2012/nov/google-unblocked-again-was-it-mistake-or-test
12月5日 - 8日Google 停止在主页上内嵌反审查功能。根据 我们的数据库,最后测试到有内嵌功能使12月5日. 最先没有测试到内嵌功能使12月8日
12月5日 - 8日

Google 删除了帮助文档

12月5日 (帮助文档存在).
12月8日 (帮助文档被删除). 

*因为URL的实际地址太长,我们的测试系统会自动截断来测试。这解释了在美国测试点返回404错误,但这个截断的URL地址仍然在中国被封锁。

 

链接

  1. 外链的JS脚本,脚本里有加密储存的关键字数据 (这个脚本后来被内嵌到中国用户的Google主页上): http://www.google.com/xjs/_/js/s/s,st,anim,bbd,c,sb_cn,hv,wta,cr,cdos,sk....
  2. Google官方关于反审查功能的博文:
    1. http://insidesearch.blogspot.com/2012/05/better-search-in-mainland-china... (英文)
    2. http://services.google.com/fh/files/blogs/google_chinasearchchinese.pdf (中文)
  3. YouTube视屏,谷歌搜索中国大陆之体验:
    1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u2GHyVPoVms (英文)
    2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFAHKav2JZM (中文)

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星期四, 8月 10, 2023

1.4 million people used FreeBrowser to circumvent the Great Firewall of Turkmenistan

Since 2021, the authorities in Turkmenistan have taken exceptional measures to crack down on the use of circumvention tools. Citizens have been forced to swear on the Koran that they will not use a VPN. Circumvention tool websites have been systematically blocked. Arbitrary searches of mobile devices have also taken place and have even targeted school children and teachers.

The government has also blocked servers hosting VPNs which led to “near complete” internet shutdowns on several occasions in 2022. Current reports indicate that 66 hosting providers, 19 social networks and messaging platforms, and 10 leading content delivery networks (CDNs), are blocked in the country. The government presumably is unconcerned about the negative economic impact that such shutdowns can cause.

星期五, 3月 18, 2022

Well-intentioned decisions have just made it easier for Putin to control the Russian Internet

This article is in large part inspired by a recent article from Meduza (in Russian).

Since the beginning of the war in Ukraine, Russian users have had problems accessing government websites and online banking clients. Browsers began to mark these sites as unsafe and drop the connection. The reason is the revocation of digital security certificates by foreign certificate authorities (either as a direct consequence of sanctions or as an independent, good will move); without them, browsers do not trust sites and “protect” their users from them.

However, these actions, caused - or at least triggered by - a desire to punish Russia for their gruesome actions in Ukraine, will have long-lasting consequences for Russian netizens.

Digital certificates are needed to confirm that the site the user wants to visit is not fraudulent. The certificates contain encryption keys to establish a secure connection between the site and the user. It is very easy to understand whether a page on the Internet is protected by a certificate. One need just look at the address bar of the browser. If the address begins with the https:// prefix, and there is a lock symbol next to the address, the page is protected. By clicking on this lock, you can see the status of the connection, the name of the Certification Authority (CA) that issued the certificate, and its validity period.

There are several dozen commercial and non-commercial organizations in the world that have digital root certificates, but 3/4 of all certificates are issued by only five of the largest companies. Four of them are registered in the USA and one is registered in Belgium.

星期一, 8月 03, 2020

GreatFire 应用生成器 发布

GreatFire (https://en.greatfire.org/) 是一家专注于中国的审查监督组织,我们自豪地宣布一个新的反审查工具,该工具将使任何被屏蔽的媒体、博客、人权组织或民间社会组织反制审查,将其内容得以传播到中国和其他互联网审查国家的数百万读者和支持者的手机上。

GreatFire 已经构建了一个名为“GreatFire 应用生成器”的网页程序,任何组织可以使用它来为中国和其他国家的用户解锁他们的内容。任何人可以访问 (https://appmaker.greatfire.org/),该网站将编译一个带有自己logo的应用,并将包含他们以前被封锁的内容。该应用还将包含一个特殊的、绕过审查的网络浏览器,以便用户可以访问未经审查的网络。这些应用将使用包括机器学习在内的多种策略来规避中国当局先进的审查策略。这个项目在其他有类似中国的审查限制的国家也同样有效。对于组织和最终用户而言,这些应用将免费、快速且非常易于使用。

这个项目的灵感来自于GreatFire自己的应用 自由浏览(https://freebrowser.org/en)的第一手经验,并希望帮助那些可能没有内部专业知识来规避中国审查制度的小型非政府组织。GreatFire的反审查工具在中国发挥了作用,而其他工具却没有。自由浏览可以引导中国的互联网用户从应用的首页进入被僧所内容的导航(http://manyvoices.news/)。

   

人权基金会 (HRF) 已经使用 GreatFire 应用生成器 创建了一个应用程序HRF 在全球范围内促进和保护人权。该组织的使命是确保自由在世界范围内得到维护和促进。 HRF 的网站 在中国被封锁, 但现在中国任何人都可以 下载 HRF Android 应用程序 并访问该网站的信息。

“现在是中国政府防火墙倒塌的时候了,”人权基金会战略顾问王珍妮说。 “与我们在 GreatFire 的朋友一起,我们致力于击败中国的审查制度——在每一部手机。”

GreatFire 应用生成器 的起源可以追溯到 2014 年,当时开放技术基金 (OTF) 支持 GreatFire 的“依附的自由”实验。该项目直接导致了 2015 年中国政府的大规模网络攻击,后来被称为“大炮”。 OTF 还为 GreatFire 开发 AppleCensorship.com,该网站正在跟踪苹果对包括香港在内的全球应用商店的审查情况。

自由浏览 是“大炮”攻击的直接结果,五年后,我们很高兴能够向任何可能遭受中国当局审查的组织提供我们的方法。 

星期五, 7月 24, 2020

Apple, anticompetition, and censorship

On July 20, 2020, GreatFire wrote to all 13 members of the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law of the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary, requesting a thorough examination into Apple’s practice of censorship of its App Store, and an investigation into how the company collaborates with the Chinese authorities to maintain its unique position as one of the few foreign tech companies operating profitably in the Chinese digital market.  

This letter was sent a week before Apple CEO TIm Cook will be called for questioning in front of the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law. The CEOs of Amazon, Google and Facebook will also be questioned on July 27, as part of the Committee’s ongoing investigation into competition in the digital marketplace.

This hearing offers an opportunity to detail to the Subcommittee how Apple uses its closed operating ecosystem to not only abuse its market position but also to deprive certain users, most notably those in China, of their right to download and use apps related to privacy, secure communication, and censorship circumvention.

We hope that U.S. House representatives agree with our view that Apple should not be allowed to do elsewhere what would be considered as unacceptable in the U.S. Chinese citizens are not second class citizens. Private companies such as Apple compromise themselves and their self-proclaimed values of freedom and privacy when they collaborate with the Chinese government and its censors.

星期一, 6月 10, 2019

苹果审查中国西藏的信息

苹果在涉及西藏的审查方面有着悠久历史。 2009年,据计算机世界网透露 ,与达赖喇嘛有关的几个应用程序在苹果的中国区应用商店中不存在。这些应用的开发者未收到他们的应用被删除的通知。当面对这些审查制度时,苹果发言人只是说该公司将“继续遵守当地法律”。

2017年12月,在中国的一次会议上,当被问及与中国当局合作审查苹果应用商店时,蒂姆·库克 宣称

“所以你的选择是参与进去,还是站在局外,吼叫着事情应当怎样?我自己的看法非常强烈,你得进入赛场,因为没有任何东西会从局外发生改变。"

自苹果公司首次因与中国当局合作以遏制已被边缘化的声音而被批评的十年间,情况发生了什么变化?苹果继续严格遵守中国当局的审查令。蒂姆库克什么时候会期望他的公司能帮助在中国带来积极的变化?

根据生成的数据 https://applecensorship.com,Apple现在已经审查了在中国应用商店中29个西藏的热门应用程序。关于新闻,宗教研究,旅游甚至游戏的西藏主题应用程序正在被苹果审查。最下方附有完整的审查应用列表。

“苹果的领导力隐藏在他们审查应用程序以遵守模糊的'中国当地法律'的借口,但他们的行为缺乏任何透明度。通过从中国苹果应用商店删除藏文和其他许多应用程序,苹果阻碍了藏人获取信息和自由表达自己的能力,这是国际法下的一项基本人权。“ TibCERT(西藏计算机应急准备小组)的响应协调员Dorjee Phuntsok说道。 他们与GreatFire合作对被屏蔽的应用程序进行了分析。

   2019年1月,GreatFire推出了applecensorship.com。在那时,GreatFire联合创始人马丁约翰逊指出:“苹果公司在其透明度报告中没有分享有关应用商店审查的信息 - 该项目强制透明度。蒂姆库克可以随心所欲地说苹果在中国做了或没有做什么,但 applecensorship.com 提供了可以实际看到苹果实施审查原始数据的途径。

分析苹果在中国审查的iOS应用程序

有许多应用程序由藏人或为藏人制作,苹果正在审查中国区应用商店中的许多应用程序。了解某些应用程序被阻止的方式和原因以及这些决策背后的基本原理非常重要。为了解这一点,TibCERT(西藏应急准备小组)对在中国应用商店中被审查的藏文应用程序进行了分析。该研究使用关键字搜索藏文应用程序,然后使用GreatFire提供的应用程序审查平台。

TibCERT分析了119个以藏语为主题的iOS应用程序。使用“西藏”,“藏人”,“达赖喇嘛”,“佛教”,“藏传佛教”,等关键词搜索苹果应用商店时,可以找到下面列出的应用程序。这些应用程序分为五大类:“宗教或文化”,“媒体/政治”,“娱乐”,“工具”和“教育”。

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